Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Heating The Geysers Hot Dry Rock Heat Pump Desalination

Hot dry rock geothermal energy (HDR) is a type of geothermal power production that uses the very high temperatures that can be found in rocks just a few kilometers below ground. This is done by pumping high pressure water down a borehole into the heat zone. The water travels through fractures in the rock, capturing the heat of the rock until it is forced out of a second borehole as very hot water, which is converted into electricity using either a steam turbine or a binary power plant system. All of the water, now cooled off, is injected back into the ground to heat up again.

Hot dry rock is the end point for a range of technology for mining heat from the Earth that consists of:

• natural geothermal systems, where there are already cracks or pore spaces filled with water hot enough to generate power;
• systems where there are some cracks and connected pore spaces;
• rocks where there are little to no cracks or connected pore spaces.

Enhanced geothermal systems

When natural cracks and pores will not allow for economic flow rates, the permeability can be "enhanced" or stimulated by pumping cold water or water with acids and other chemicals through the ground. These artificially created geothermal systems are called Enhanced Geothermal Systems, or EGS. There are HDR and EGS systems currently being developed and tested in France, Australia, Japan, the U.S. and Switzerland. The biggest HDR project is currently installed in Australia.

A 2006 report by MIT that took into account the use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems concluded that it would be affordable to generate 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more by 2050, just in the United States, for a maximum investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and development over 15 years.

The MIT report calculated the world's total EGS resources to be over 13,000 zettajoules, of which over 200 ZJ would be extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with technology improvements - sufficient to provide all the world's energy needs for several millennia.^[1]

Earthquakes

The HDR project in Basel, Switzerland was suspended after it caused an earthquake. On 8 December 2006, only 8 days after water injection started, a quake occurred measuring 3.4 on the Richter Scale with the focus at the bottom of the HDR borehole. The tremor prompted over 1000 calls to emergency services by local residents[1] [2], and caused minor structural damage to several buildings. Water injection was immediately stopped, but minor quakes continued. Further significant tremors were recorded on 6 January (measuring 3.1)[3] and 16 January 2007 (3.2). Basel is in a known earthquake zone (see Basel earthquake).

Government funding

The Australian government has provided research funding for the development of Hot Dry Rock technology. [4] [5]

On 30 May 2007, then Australian opposition environmental spokesperson and current Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts Peter Garrett announced that if elected at the 2007 Australian Federal Election, the Australian Labor Party would use taxpayers money to subsidise putting the necessary drilling rigs in place. In an interview, he promised:

"There are some technical difficulties and challenges there, but those people who are keen on getting Australia into geothermal say we've got this great access to resource and one of the things, interestingly, that's held them back is not having the capacity the put the drilling plants in place. And so what we intend this $50 million to go towards is to provide a one for one dollars. Match $1 from us, $1 from the industry so that they can get these drilling rigs on to site and really get the best sites identified and get the industry going."^[2]

Rosemanowes Quarry

Rosemanowes Quarry, near Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom, was the site of an early experiment in extracting geothermal energy from the earth using hot dry rock (HDR) technology.

The site was chosen because the granite in the area has the highest heat flow in England (120 milliwatts per square meter).^[1]

The trials began in 1977 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and an earlier trial in the United States at Fenton Hill. It concluded in 1980, although studies continued until 1991.^[2] Funding for the initial project was provided by the Department of Energy (now the Department of Trade and Industry) and by the European Commission.^[3]. The research facilities and staff transferred to Camborne School of Mines Associates Limited in 1992, the trading arm of the Camborne School of Mines.

With government and EU support the expertise of the scientists and engineers at Rosemanowes were used to support the European HDR project at Soultz-sous-Forêts ^[4] and a number of commercial contracts ensued exploiting HDR techniques, such as microseismic monitoring, in the oil and gas industry. Rosemanowes Quarry and the assets of CSMA, including intellectual property, were acquired by Asea Brown Boveri in 1997. In 2004 Schlumberger acquired the intellectual property and some of the staff most closely associated with microseismic monitoring and the quarry was sold off. The site was acquired by 3K Facilities in 2006 and now offers deep borehole test facilities in one of the most well logged sites in the world. All the deep boreholes are now available to hire for a range of down hole testing. With 3 deep boreholes (2350m, 2180m, 2800m) 4x uncased 300m holes and one 150m hole inclined at 30deg. As well as Micro seismic testing and a wind turbine test environment on this 20 acres site

Although the energy has not yet been exploited commercially, the data provided by the tests has been widely used to test numerical simulation codes.^[5][6] The dataset contributed significantly to the geothermal power plant built with European Union sponsorship at Soultz-sous-Forêts.^[7][6][8].

During the Second World War, the Quarry was used for storage by U.S. forces, preparing for the invasion of Europe, which started in June 1944 ^[9].

The quarry is at Herniss, to the north of the A 394 road, between Rame and Longdowns. Ordnance Survey, Explorer series, Map 103, : grid reference SW73453460.

References

External links

• The Cornubian Batholith of South West England

References

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia Encyclopedia article "Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy"